Changelog

Nerve damage limited to the small nerve fibres (thinly myelinated A-delta and unmyelinated C fibres) that carry pain, temperature and some touch sensation and serve autonomic functions; it can cause numbness, burning or tingling. It is usually shown by skin…

C-SPAN recorded the opening panel of the MAHA Institute's Mental Health and Overmedicalization Summit in Washington, DC (May 2026), where four young adults described harms they attribute to psychiatric drugs taken from childhood or adolescence. Cooper Davis…

A narrative review by Mayer Brezis (Braun School of Public Health, Hadassah-Hebrew University) arguing that finasteride can cause depression, anxiety and suicidality, including after it is stopped, and analysing why recognition took two decades. Concerns…

The uro-neurology unit at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, reviewed 55 consecutive patients referred with genital sensory impairment between 2019 and 2024; nine (mean age 35, eight men) met the published PSSD criteria…

A compressed, machine-readable file format used in bioinformatics to store DNA or RNA sequencing reads aligned to a reference genome. It is the binary, highly compressed equivalent of a SAM (Sequence Alignment Map) text file, allowing for drastically smaller…

In genetics, a deletion is a mutation where a section of DNA is lost or removed during replication. It can range from the loss of a single nucleotide base to an entire piece of a chromosome, severely altering genetic code and protein function.

A high-performance, easy-to-use, interactive tool for the visual exploration of genomic data.

A bioinformatics tool that analyzes genetic variants to predict drug response and tailor medical treatment to an individual patient's genetic profile.

A condition describing persistent sexual, mental, and physical side effects that continue long after stopping finasteride (Propecia or Proscar). Finasteride is widely used to treat hair loss and enlarged prostates. While most users tolerate the drug well, a…

A condition where sexual side effects (like genital numbness, loss of libido, and erectile dysfunction) persist long after stopping SSRIs. Though the exact cause is unknown, these symptoms can significantly impact quality of life and relationships.

A standard, tab-delimited text format used in bioinformatics to store biological sequence data, like DNA or RNA reads, that have been mapped to a reference sequence. It is the universal language for processing genome sequencing data.

A standard text file used in bioinformatics to store DNA sequence variations. Instead of writing out an entire genome, it only lists where an individual's DNA differs from a standard reference genome.

A tool to predict pharmacogenomic reactions, shared on r/DrWillPowers.

A tool to check for genetic duplications and deletions, shared on r/DrWillPowers.

Replying to an AFAB trans/NB person with 3-beta-hydroxylase CAH on cortisol replacement who has been on testosterone for 15+ years without ever achieving menstrual cessation (despite multiple birth-control pills, a Mirena IUD, and depot injections), Powers…

Replying to a user's report of sexual-function collapse after six days of 500 mg/day calcium-D-glucarate (morning erections ceased, libido 2/10 → 0/10, emotional flattening), Powers gives a mechanistic account: CDG inhibits the reabsorption of glucuronide…

Replying to [username removed]'s question ("Have you ever tried this on a trans woman who goes through weird monthly cycles? 🤔" — Oct 9 20:03 UTC), Powers responds: "Define weird monthly cycles." Two words; a clarification request, not a theory statement.

Reacting to a community member's discovery of a twelve-year-old propeciahelp comment that independently derived the neurosteroid-excess model, Powers says the remaining barrier to treatment is characterizing each patient's specific neurosteroid profile and…

Powers marvels that a non-physician reached the same conclusion he did about the mechanism a decade ago using only forum access, calling it astounding and expressing a wish to know who the author was.

Answering a patient who blamed a two-day, 250 mg course of calcium-D-glucarate taken 25 days earlier for tanked testosterone/estrogen and full-body anhedonia, Powers gives a pharmacokinetic rebuttal: CDG acts for roughly 8 hours by directly inhibiting…

Powers quantifies the dose argument against the CDG crash claim: broccoli contains roughly 3.5 g of glucaric acid per kilogram — the precursor to the commercial calcium-D-glucarate salt and the natural beta-glucuronidase inhibitor — so one dinner's broccoli…

In the same CDG thread, Powers condenses the dose argument: he does not say CDG cannot do anything — he says it cannot do anything at 250 mg taken 25 days ago, because a single apple delivers more D-glucaric acid than that dose.

Adult male rats received low-dose finasteride (3 mg/kg/day) for 20 days, with neuroactive-steroid levels and steroid-receptor expression measured in plasma, CSF and brain regions both at end of treatment and one month after withdrawal. Treatment altered…

This review argues that THDOC (allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone), the adrenal-derived 5α-reduced metabolite of deoxycorticosterone, is a genuine physiological signal rather than a pharmacological curiosity. During acute stress, THDOC rises several-fold to…

This foundational study demonstrated that acute stress sharply elevates GABA-A receptor-active steroids — including THDOC and allopregnanolone — in the rat brain. Using swim stress with biochemical quantification, the authors showed that the brain's…

In pubertal female mice, the stress-released neurosteroid allopregnanolone paradoxically increases anxiety rather than reducing it. The authors trace this to α4β2δ GABA-A receptors, which are upregulated in hippocampal CA1 at puberty: allopregnanolone…

Rats given repeated acute allopregnanolone develop rapid tolerance to its impairment of spatial memory in the Morris water maze, requiring escalating doses to maintain the effect. The tolerance persists for about a day after induction and is accompanied by…

This companion mechanistic study links acute allopregnanolone tolerance to concrete GABA-A receptor plasticity: after tolerance induction, α4 subunit abundance and mRNA fall in thalamic relay nuclei, correlating with the dose escalation needed to sustain the…

The 3β-steroid UC1011 blocks both the GABA-potentiating and the learning-impairing effects of allopregnanolone in rats. As a functional antagonist of allopregnanolone at the GABA-A receptor, it demonstrates that neurosteroid signaling can be pharmacologically…

Using in situ hybridization combined with neuronal and glial markers, the authors mapped 5α-reductase type I and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase — the two enzymes that convert progesterone and deoxycorticosterone into allopregnanolone and THDOC — across mouse…

Acute stress selectively raises 5α-reductase type 2 — not type 1 — in the medial prefrontal cortex of male rats, and 5αR2 knockdown or knockout blunts the hormonal and behavioral stress response in males only. The authors demonstrate a division of labor: 5αR1…

This major review argues that deficits in GABAergic transmission — reduced GABA levels and altered GABA-A receptor subunit expression — play a causal role in major depressive disorder rather than being downstream epiphenomena. It integrates clinical imaging…

Focused on human data, this review surveys how neurosteroids, GABAergic signaling, and the HPA axis regulate each other: allopregnanolone and allo-THDOC act as an allostatic brake that terminates stress-induced HPA activation, and chronic stress degrades this…

The only controlled pharmacology study of dihydroboldenone (1-testosterone, DHB): in castrated rats, equimolar 1-testosterone matched testosterone propionate in stimulating levator ani, ventral prostate, and seminal vesicle growth, with an anabolic/androgenic…

The foundational human metabolism study of boldenone: using GC/MS, the authors identified the urinary metabolites of boldenone administration, quantified excretion rates, and characterized the 5α- and 5β-reduced metabolites — the pathways through which…

The authors quantified how the four major testosterone glucuronides (testosterone glucuronide, DHT glucuronide, androsterone glucuronide, etiocholanolone glucuronide) are cleared from human liver, intestine, and kidney. Using recombinant transporter vesicles…

Proteomic comparison of human livers from UGT2B17 deletion carriers versus high expressors found upregulation of alternative steroid-metabolizing pathways (AKR1D1, AKR1C4, and related dehydrogenases/alcohol dehydrogenases) in deletion carriers, redirecting…

This review proposes the "testobolome" — the collection of gut microbial genes and pathways that metabolize testosterone — as the androgen counterpart of the estrobolome. It traces testosterone from endogenous and exogenous sources through hepatic phase I/II…

The authors isolated and characterized beta-glucuronidase enzymes from human gut bacteria and tested their ability to deconjugate estrone-3-glucuronide and estradiol-17-glucuronide. Several gut microbial glucuronidases efficiently cleaved these conjugates…

Comparing gut metagenomes across industrialized and non-industrialized populations, the authors found that industrialization is associated with a higher microbial capacity to recycle estrogens — more bacterial beta-glucuronidase genes and greater predicted…

This review summarizes the Walaszek group's research program on D-glucaric acid (calcium D-glucarate) as a chemopreventive agent. The central mechanism is that D-glucaro-1,4-lactone, the active metabolite, inhibits beta-glucuronidase, the enzyme that…

In healthy volunteers given exogenous testosterone, the authors tested whether copy-number variation in sulfotransferase genes predicted urinary excretion of steroid sulfates. SULT2A1 copy number was significantly associated with excretion rates of sulfate…

Two human gut bacteria, Gordonibacter pamelaeae and Eggerthella lenta, were found to convert abundant biliary corticoids into progestins via 21-dehydroxylation — the chemical reverse of how human cells make steroids. The responsible bacterial gene cluster was…

Forty healthy premenopausal volunteers were randomized to senna, loperamide, or wheat bran across menstrual cycles while whole-gut transit time, fecal beta-glucuronidase activity, stool pH, and serum estrogens were measured. Speeding transit with senna…

Using LC-MS/MS, the authors measured neuroactive steroids in brain regions and plasma of germ-free male mice versus conventionally colonized controls. The absence of microbes shifted neuroactive steroid profiles in both compartments: plasma allopregnanolone…

In adult male rats, removal of the gonads amplified both ACTH and corticosterone responses to restraint stress within 48 hours, and testosterone replacement restored the normal stress response. Treating intact males with finasteride for 48 hours produced the…

A retrospective cohort analysis of roughly 1.8 million men with prostate cancer in a US claims database (about 210,000 meeting inclusion criteria, ~6.4 years mean follow-up) examined how different classes of androgen-targeting drugs related to…

This review surveys how androgen deprivation therapy affects cognition, mood, and quality of life in prostate cancer patients. It reports physiological correlates of ADT including reduced white-matter integrity and impaired hypothalamic function from…

This exploratory neuroimaging study compared brain morphometry in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy against matched controls. ADT was associated with reduced gray-matter volumes in frontal and prefrontal cortical structures, and…

Ninety-five men with localized prostate cancer who completed 9 months of adjuvant androgen deprivation after prostatectomy had testosterone measured at cessation and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months afterward. Nearly all patients (97.9%) had recovered past…

This review compares cognitive effects of hormone therapy in breast cancer (estrogen blockade) and prostate cancer (androgen blockade) populations. It emphasizes that estrogen and androgen receptors are densely distributed in memory-relevant brain regions…

Using in vivo two-photon imaging in mice, the authors traced cerebrospinal fluid entering the brain along channels surrounding penetrating arteries, bounded by astrocytic endfeet, and exchanging with interstitial fluid to carry solutes — including amyloid-β…

Comparing awake and sleeping states in the same mice with two-photon imaging, the authors found that the brain's interstitial space expands by roughly 60% during sleep, enabling a sharp increase in convective exchange between cerebrospinal fluid and…

This review maps the two-way relationship between neuroinflammation and the glymphatic system. Inflammatory states impair glymphatic flow through perivascular immune-cell accumulation, mislocalization of AQP4 away from astrocytic endfeet (loss of vascular…

This 2026 review synthesizes mechanistic and clinical evidence for glymphatic impairment across acute brain injury and chronic neurological disorders (including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, small-vessel disease, and multiple sclerosis). It organizes dysfunction…

In 178 adults with major depressive disorder treated with escitalopram (weeks 0-8), nonresponders were augmented with aripiprazole while responders continued escitalopram alone (weeks 8-16), with sexual function and satisfaction tracked on the SexFX scale…

P-glycoprotein, the ABCB1-encoded efflux pump at the blood-brain barrier, controls how much of an SSRI substrate reaches the brain. In 424 patients with major depressive disorder from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), six ABCB1 variants…

In 81 outpatients treated with citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, or sertraline, sexual dysfunction was measured with the Changes in Sexual Function Questionnaire as a primary outcome. The HTR2A -1438 G/G genotype was associated with…

UGT2B17 is a highly prostate-abundant UDP- glucuronosyltransferase with strong activity against androgens, and its deletion had previously been linked to low or undetectable urinary testosterone. The authors quantified UGT2B17 mRNA in normal prostate tissue…

DHEA sulfate is the most abundant circulating adrenal steroid and declines markedly with age, prompting speculation that relative deficiency contributes to age-related disease. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association data in 14,846 individuals identified…

Prior studies of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and depression had given inconclusive results, so the authors pooled 26 studies comprising 4,992 depression cases and 17,082 controls. The T allele was associated with increased depression risk overall (TT vs CC…

No prior study had assessed the AR GGC repeat in sexual function. In 85 male outpatients evaluated with the IIEF-15, longer CAG repeats correlated inversely with erectile function, orgasmic function, and total IIEF score, while GGC tracts showed no…

Using a nested case-control design inside the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, the authors measured serum finasteride by validated LC-MS and tested 27 SNPs in finasteride target and metabolism genes for association with drug concentrations. Five SNPs in…

LSD1 (KDM1A) was known as a transcriptional corepressor that demethylates histone H3 lysine 4. The authors show it also functions as a coactivator of the androgen receptor: when complexed with AR, LSD1 demethylates repressive H3K9 marks at androgen-responsive…

Drawing on interviews with industry and academic scientists involved in the Zelmid project plus textual sources, the paper reconstructs the development of the first SSRI to reach the market. Zelmid (zimelidine) was synthesized in 1971, launched by the Swedish…

The authors review thirteen cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome, all with a similar temporal relationship to recent commencement of the antidepressant zimelidine. They estimate the risk of developing the syndrome was increased about 25-fold among patients…

Reviewing clinical-trial and ordinary-use data from Sweden and the UK, the author reports that zimelidine's general side-effect level was substantially lower than that of tricyclic antidepressants. A hypersensitivity reaction characterized by fever, muscle…

Men with epilepsy often show sexual or reproductive abnormalities attributed to altered androgen levels, including subnormal free testosterone, and the testosterone metabolites androsterone (5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) and its 5β-epimer etiocholanolone may…

The UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 enzymes conjugate dihydrotestosterone and its metabolites androstane-3α,17β-diol and androsterone. Both enzymes are present in epithelial cells of the human prostate, where significant concentrations of the corresponding glucuronides…

Serum testosterone has correlated poorly with clinical androgen status in women because much androgen is made locally in peripheral tissues from DHEA and never reaches the circulation in active form. The authors measured androsterone glucuronide (ADT-G) and…

In a reply on his own treatments-list post, Powers states that the mechanism of PFS is, in his view, settled: every PFS patient in his practice shows the same underlying lab pattern with minor variations, which he describes as a near-complete resolution of…

Replying to a PSSD sufferer who theorized that TRT injections had depleted his androgens and caused penile shrinkage, Powers lays out the excess model in plain terms: the problem is too many androgens, not too few — but trapped intracellularly as accumulated…

Powers argues that PFS patients do not lack 5α-reductase — at baseline the enzyme is upregulated, with DUTCH tests often showing a shunt toward 5α metabolites — calling the popular understanding of the disease the inverse of the actual mechanism. He explains…

Powers reports that every PFS genome he has examined matches his theory — including one case he initially thought was an exception, until re-review found the missed defect. He also describes reviewing five anonymized SIDEfxHUB patient lab collections, finding…

Replying to a commenter who posted blood and DUTCH results — midrange blood testosterone with near-zero urinary androgens, no finasteride history but past ashwagandha, saw palmetto, Zoloft and Cymbalta exposure — Powers sketches informal PFS subtypes, the…

Answering a commenter who asked whether the model works in reverse — they were not notably masculine before finasteride/dutasteride — Powers describes a threshold dynamic: patients with only the DHT-metabolism pathway available can present highly…

Replying to [username removed]'s question about why East Asian populations — with roughly 60–70% homozygous UGT2B17 deletion prevalence — don't show higher PFS rates, Powers states that glucuronidation failure alone is insufficient: it was merely the first…

Answering questions about variable onset and post-cessation crashes, Powers gives three linked explanations. First, milder or slower onsets reflect fewer defects — it takes longer to reach threshold. Second, people who crash on quitting had upregulated…

Replying to a cis male who experienced severe 5ARI side effects without developing PFS, Powers tells him his epigenetic system is "rewritable" (DVD-RW) rather than stuck (DVD-R), and suggests most people with PFS share the same side-effect genes — the…

On r/tressless, answering whether flushing metabolites would let the body normalize or whether damage is irreversible, Powers reports early results from the "unplug and reboot" protocol: his first patient reached female-range testosterone/DHT in about two…

Replying to a post-letrozole case with PFS-identical symptoms (a Klinefelter patient), Powers frames PFS and PSSD as the same mechanism in different flavors — inborn metabolic error plus drug, with recovery blocked by an epigenetic glitch — and notes…

Replying to a commenter theorizing about common denominators among disparate reported PSSD recoveries (a GSK3β-inhibition hypothesis), Powers states there is no single PFS mutation — he has identified on the order of 30, and it is their combination that…

Answering specificity concerns — UGT2B17 deletion is common, so would testing just produce nocebo? — Powers states that a heterozygous UGT2B17 deletion alone is insufficient for PFS, citing his own long-term finasteride/dutasteride use without issue and his…

Reading a commenter's labs in the PFS/PSSD-sameness data thread, Powers identifies a likely heterozygous UGT2B17 defect: DHT high but the 3α metabolite at the very bottom — the conversion step incompletely performed, less than half of what the androgen load…

Replying to a commenter flagging CYP2D6 slow-metabolizer variants surfacing in community-read PSSD genomes, Powers describes a genetic variant that amplifies SSRI exposure — a standard dose can feel like three to four times the dose — and notes the same gene…

Asked whether DHEA is still used alongside progesterone/pregnenolone for neurosteroid-type patients, Powers splits PSSD into androgenic-metabolite vs strictly-neurosteroid cases. Pregnenolone: yes for strictly-neurosteroid PSSD — it backfills the DHEA…

Replying to an r/autism OP reporting striking mental clarity in the first weeks of MTF HRT, Powers sketches a mechanism centered on COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase): the enzyme both clears catechol estrogens and breaks down dopamine. In slow-COMT (val/met)…

In the PAS markers thread, answering what tests a PAS sufferer should pursue, Powers reports a new lead he stumbled on: the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) dimerizes with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) — a molecular intersection of neurosteroids…

In the r/PSSD data-request thread, Powers states that most people recover from SSRI sexual dysfunction on stopping; those who don't likely carry an inborn metabolic error or genetic anomaly — e.g., HDAC dysfunction or methylation/demethylation problems…

Powers says he has few PSSD genomes so far; his working model mirrors PFS — inborn anomalies create a fragile system that cannot adapt to the drug — with a second group that adapts while on the drug but fails epigenetic reprogramming after stopping. His PSSD…

Replying to reports of corticosteroid and potassium-iodide windows, Powers theorizes that potassium iodide affects transporters relevant to his model; that thyroid upregulates UGT activity; and that iodine feeds sulfation — one of the last clearance routes…

Powers gives his canonical definitions: windows happen when something clears enough metabolite load that androgens can reach the receptor again; crashes happen when something slows that clearance. Patients are stuck in a configuration they would normally…

Replying to a community member's 3α-HSD oxidation-inhibition proposal — fluoxetine inhibiting allopregnanolone oxidation via RoDH-4 as the direct drug→metabolite-accumulation link — Powers contrasts the two syndromes: PFS, he says, rests on an overwhelming…

In his PSSD lab-signal request thread, Powers reports that PSSD patients trying zuranolone had horrific effects. His point, he stresses, is not that all PSSD is high-neurosteroid — but that some cases could be, and ignoring the possibility is unwise…

In the r/PSSD thread where he introduced himself as a doctor treating both conditions, Powers gives his current ranking of SSRI effects on allopregnanolone: SSRIs whose names begin with F raise it; paroxetine raises it slightly; the rest are slightly to…

In the 3a-diol plasma/CSF findings thread, Powers theorizes that the sexual-sensation problem is not loss of feeling but loss of erogenous integration — sensation is felt but not registered as sexually pleasurable. He proposes an unusual test: finding a…

Replying to a commenter proposing HPTA shutdown followed by bypass hormones (Primobolan/E2/progesterone) to route around the UGT2B17 clearance defect, Powers describes his current protocol direction: shut the HPA axis fully off (LH/FSH to zero), then track…

Powers gives case notes: one patient with an unmeasurably high 3α value, another with astronomical urinary testosterone — suggesting that normalization of these markers may track recovery, though patient-dependently. He mentions valproic acid (VPA) as "DNA…

Answering the objection that some people were cured by TRT/anabolic-steroid courses — which his theory supposedly disallows — Powers theorizes that exposing the system to a potent synthetic androgen could epigenetically upregulate alternative…

Replying to a question — relayed via a friend — about how androgen-clearance problems could produce anhedonia, Powers points readers to his cyclic-AMP/concentration-gradient theory for numbness and anhedonia, and states he does not consider the conditions…

In the r/AccutaneRecovery cross-post thread, Powers states he sees two distinct post-accutane syndromes: one essentially identical to PSSD (mostly sexual symptoms), another of physical degeneration — collagen, skin, and joint damage. Since isotretinoin is…

In the "why do anti-androgens help" thread, Powers reasons through a case: a gay man with severe lifelong cystic acne but low muscle mass and low testosterone may have an ABCC transporter defect trapping androgens in skin while starving the rest of the body…

Replying in Spanish to a Spanish-speaking commenter, Powers states his primary PAS theory: in some people accutane epigenetically and permanently tones down androgen-export transporters — curing acne in those with overactive transport, but in people with an…

In his PSSD hormone-exposure survey thread, Powers states that stinging nettle is a weak 5ARI which could push someone near the threshold over it, citing saw-palmetto cases. The problem, he argues, is not unique to finasteride but to the individual's…

In the post-anastrozole castration-trial thread, Powers lays out his developing excess-side theory: after the drug, susceptible people go through a crash phase of severe anxiety, paranoia and panic, which over months remodels into a different deep depression…

Replying to concerns about trying the castration protocol with severe osteoporosis and soft-tissue problems, Powers states the conundrum plainly: if a month of chemical castration restores normal androgen signaling in someone effectively castrated for a…

In the "melty skin" explainer thread, Powers states the PFS mechanism is figured out; the remaining questions are (1) the best treatment — he reports one working for androgenic-signaling loss and some melty-skin cases, with neurosteroid issues mostly…

In the "PFS-mark" dispute thread, Powers describes a patient who had a lasting negative reaction to a single course of progesterone at roughly triple normal daily production — something he says never happened in five years of using pregnenolone/progesterone…

Answering a hypothetical about working up genital numbness with completely normal baseline labs, Powers gives a clinical pearl: rule out peripheral-nerve causes of numbness/ED — and reports finding Tarlov cysts impinging the S2–S4 nerve roots more often than…

SIDEfxHUB editorial interview write-up with Dr. Will Powers at the April 2026 PFS/PSSD/PAS Summit. Powers describes several years spent collecting genome data one patient at a time from people affected by post-drug syndromes, initially through transitioning…

Interview with Dr. Kenneth Peters, Chair of Urology at Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, organizer of the first medical conference dedicated to PFS, PSSD and PAS together (late April 2026). Peters recounts stopping finasteride prescribing…

Observational psychology study using hair loss as a proxy for sustained DHT exposure over time. Reported an inverted-U (curvilinear) relationship between cumulative DHT levels and mental-rotation performance, peaking at moderate DHT and declining at both high…

Short research letter from Samsung Medical Center (Sungkyunkwan University) reporting macular abnormalities associated with 5α-reductase inhibitor use. The SideFXHub article that surfaced it additionally leans on an unpublished South Bay Retina clinic…

Review arguing that gut transit time is a top covariate driving interindividual variation in gut microbiota composition and activity, yet is rarely accounted for in microbiome research. Faster transit favors carbohydrate fermentation and beneficial…

Human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells were cultured in 50 micromolar citalopram for 30 days and then profiled genome-wide for DNA methylation changes. Of roughly 25,000 gene promoters assayed, 626 showed significant differential methylation versus controls…

Adult male Wistar rats trained on a partially baited radial-arm maze then received finasteride (30 or 100 mg/kg) or vehicle for seven days. The high dose produced clear spatial-memory deficits on retention testing and reduced sociability with loss of…

Irwig studied 24 otherwise healthy young men who had taken low-dose finasteride for hair loss and developed persistent sexual side effects, measuring their hormone levels and semen quality against reference populations. Although average testosterone and DHT…

This Baylor-affiliated team compared gene expression in penile skin cells from 26 men with post-finasteride syndrome against 26 healthy controls. They found 1,446 genes over-expressed and 2,318 under-expressed in the PFS group, with the androgen receptor gene…

Basaria's group compared three groups of men: 25 finasteride users with persistent sexual symptoms, 13 asymptomatic finasteride users, and 18 men who never used the drug. Assessments covered hormones, body composition, cognition, and brain activity via fMRI…

The team compared the prevalence of two androgen receptor polymorphisms, CAG-rs4045402 and GGN-rs3138869, across 69 men with androgenetic alopecia who developed persistent side effects after finasteride, 91 untreated men with alopecia, and 76 untreated men…